Tom Rini [Tue, 10 Jan 2023 16:19:44 +0000 (11:19 -0500)]
watchdog: Clean up defaults for imx_watchdog / ulp_wdog
In imx_watchdog, clean up the comment to just note the range now, as we
do not need to set the default here as Kconfig does this for us. For
ulp_wdog, set the default value via Kconfig instead.
Cc: Stefan Roese <sr@denx.de> Cc: Stefano Babic <sbabic@denx.de> Cc: Peng Fan <peng.fan@nxp.com> Signed-off-by: Tom Rini <trini@konsulko.com> Reviewed-by: Stefan Roese <sr@denx.de>
Tom Rini [Tue, 10 Jan 2023 16:19:42 +0000 (11:19 -0500)]
nxp: Finish migration of SYS_FSL_SRDS_[12] to Kconfig
As this is used on both ARM and PowerPC platforms, this needs to be
listed in arch/Kconfig.nxp and match how they're currently used by
select'ing them under the required PowerPC ARCH_xxx options.
Tom Rini [Tue, 10 Jan 2023 16:19:41 +0000 (11:19 -0500)]
nxp: Finish migration of SYS_FSL_IFC_BANK_COUNT to Kconfig
As this is used on both ARM and PowerPC platforms, this needs to be
asked in arch/Kconfig.nxp. Set the PowerPC defaults based on
arch/powerpc/include/asm/config_mpc85xx.h and remove the default set in
drivers/mtd/nand/raw/fsl_ifc_nand.c
Tom Rini [Tue, 10 Jan 2023 16:19:36 +0000 (11:19 -0500)]
common/update: Finish Kconfig migration
We can enforce the dependencies of this module via Kconfig now, so do so
rather than with #error statements. Further, we can ensure that all
required values are set to their defaults in Kconfig, and in fact
already do so, so remove the tests here. The exception is
CONFIG_UPDATE_LOAD_ADDR which needed to be migrated to Kconfig in the
first place.
Tom Rini [Tue, 10 Jan 2023 16:19:35 +0000 (11:19 -0500)]
spl: sata: Rework the loading case it not use IS_ENABLED(...)
In this case, using IS_ENABLED(...) to attempt to load the image results
in harder to read and less useful code, along with having to define a
CONFIG value that would be unused. To maintain the current albeit
slightly odd behavior, maintain that if we have both SPL_FS_FAT and
SPL_SATA_RAW_U_BOOT_USE_SECTOR enabled, we use SPL_FS_FAT for the load.
Tom Rini [Tue, 10 Jan 2023 16:19:34 +0000 (11:19 -0500)]
autoboot: Rework CONFIG_AUTOBOOT_STOP_STR_* usage
In order to not define a CONFIG value when the
CONFIG_AUTOBOOT_STOP_STR_* functionality is not enabled, rework the
assignment of empty and unused (as the code will be discarded under if
0, in the end) values to be AUTOBOOT_STOP_STR_* instead of
CONFIG_AUTOBOOT_STOP_STR_*.
Tom Rini [Tue, 10 Jan 2023 16:19:33 +0000 (11:19 -0500)]
arm: lib1funcs.S: Update compatibility with Linux comment slightly
At this point, the Linux code for "lib1funcs" has changed rather
dramatically. While a resync would be beneficial, it's outside the scope
of what we need here. Simply remove the define for CONFIG_AEABI and
tests for it.
Tom Rini [Tue, 17 Jan 2023 22:10:50 +0000 (17:10 -0500)]
dm: ns16550: Restore how we define UART_REG
Prior to commit 9591b63531fa ("Convert CONFIG_SYS_NS16550_MEM32 et al to
Kconfig") we had defined CONFIG_SYS_NS16550_REG_SIZE to -1 with
DM_SERIAL such that we would then have a size 0 character array. This
resulted in functionally no padding. The confusion on my part came from
dealing with the constraints around platforms that do not use DM_SERIAL
in SPL/TPL. After Andre Przywara reported that sunxi was broken, I've
re-read the code and comments again and thought on this harder. What we
want I believe is what this patch does now.
If DM_SERIAL is defined for this stage, regardless of
CONFIG_SYS_NS16550_REG_SIZE then we will dynamically handle reg shifts
and 'struct ns16550' needs no padding (which is functionally what
unsigned char foo[0] provides). This is the same case as NS16550_DYNAMIC
and DEBUG_UART. Expand the existing comment here slightly.
Otherwise, we will have CONFIG_SYS_NS16550_REG_SIZE set to a non-zero
value, and handle padding within the struct.
Cc: Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org> Cc: Sergei Antonov <saproj@gmail.com> Cc: Quentin Schulz <quentin.schulz@theobroma-systems.com> Cc: Andre Przywara <andre.przywara@arm.com> Fixes: 9591b63531fa ("Convert CONFIG_SYS_NS16550_MEM32 et al to Kconfig") Signed-off-by: Tom Rini <trini@konsulko.com> Reviewed-by: Andre Przywara <andre.przywara@arm.com> Tested-by: Andre Przywara <andre.przywara@arm.com> Tested-by: Quentin Schulz <quentin.schulz@theobroma-systems.com>
Tom Rini [Tue, 10 Jan 2023 16:19:31 +0000 (11:19 -0500)]
arm: Rework usage of CONFIG_ARMV[78]_SECURE_BASE in linker scripts
In order to avoid defining CONFIG_ARMV[78_]SECURE_BASE as empty in the
linker scripts, if not already defined, add and use
__ARMV[78_]SECURE_BASE for when the base is not defined and we want the
linker scripts to continue.
Tom Rini [Tue, 10 Jan 2023 16:19:30 +0000 (11:19 -0500)]
i2c: fsl_i2c: Rework usage of CONFIG_SYS_IMMR
This driver is used on both m68k, where CONFIG_SYS_IMMR is not used, and
PowerPC an ARM where it is. Abstract this to a new value rather than
re-defining a CONFIG symbol on m68k.
Ilias Apalodimas [Thu, 19 Jan 2023 14:36:12 +0000 (16:36 +0200)]
tpm2: ftpm: add the device in the OP-TEE services list
commit fe8a4ed0111073 ("tee: optee: discover services dependent on tee-supplicant")
is trying to automatically scan and add TAs that are presented on pseudo
bus from the secure world.
In order to be able to list and compare the scanned devices the available drivers
have to register themselves on the op-tee service list.
Ilias Apalodimas [Thu, 19 Jan 2023 15:10:57 +0000 (17:10 +0200)]
MAINTAINERS: add a new entry on TEE MAINTAINERS
Since I do have a look on TEE patches regardless and Jens doesn't have
his own tree, add myself as a co-maintainer. I'll be carrying over the
TEE related patches from now on. While at it add the maintenance tree
for TPM
Tom Rini [Thu, 19 Jan 2023 14:46:57 +0000 (09:46 -0500)]
Merge tag 'dm-pull-18jan23' of https://source.denx.de/u-boot/custodians/u-boot-dm
convert rockchip to use binman
patman fix for checkpatch
binman optional entries, improved support for ELF symbols
trace improvements
minor fdt refactoring
Tom Rini [Thu, 19 Jan 2023 14:41:54 +0000 (09:41 -0500)]
Merge branch '2022-01-18-assorted-updates'
- A few TI platform fixes, compression test cleanup and zstd update,
npcm7xx update, add "part type" subcommand, VBE bugfix on some
platforms, cleanup EVENT related Kconfig option logic (and fix some
platforms), other minor cleanups.
In commit 4963f63fe61f ("image: Use gd->ram_base/_size in
env_get_bootm_size()") the size of the available memory for U-Boot to
use when relocating images, and not otherwise constrained, was changed
to include all known memory banks. In the case of this platform however,
all of the memory known to U-Boot is not also part of the Linux kernel
"lowmem" and so we must use CFG_SYS_BOOTMAPSZ to limit where we relocate
images to. We set a conservative limit of 256MB here to mirror the
previous behavior.
Signed-off-by: Joost van Zwieten <joost@diskos.nl>
[trini: Reword the commit messsage] Signed-off-by: Tom Rini <trini@konsulko.com>
Simon Glass [Thu, 12 Jan 2023 23:48:54 +0000 (16:48 -0700)]
vbe: Allow probing the VBE bootmeth to fail in OS fixup
This device is created when there are no bootmeths defined in the device
tree. But it cannot be probed without a device tree node.
For now, ignore a probe failure.
Signed-off-by: Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org> Reported-by: Karsten Merker <merker@debian.org> Suggested-by: Heinrich Schuchardt <xypron.glpk@gmx.de> Fixes: a56f663f0707 ("vbe: Add info about the VBE device to the fwupd node") Tested-by: Vagrant Cascadian <vagrant@debian.org> Tested-by: Karsten Merker <merker@debian.org>
Brandon Maier [Thu, 12 Jan 2023 16:27:45 +0000 (10:27 -0600)]
lib: zstd: update to latest Linux zstd 1.5.2
Update the zstd implementation to match Linux zstd 1.5.2 from commit 2aa14b1ab2.
This was motivated by running into decompression corruption issues when
trying to uncompress files compressed with newer versions of zstd. zstd
users also claim significantly improved decompression times with newer
zstd versions which is a side benefit.
Original zstd code was copied from Linux commit 2aa14b1ab2 which is a
custom-built implementation based on zstd 1.3.1. Linux switched to an
implementation that is a copy of the upstream zstd code in Linux commit e0c1b49f5b, this results in a large code diff. However this should make
future updates easier along with other benefits[1].
This commit is a straight mirror of the Linux zstd code, except to:
- update a few #include that do not translate cleanly
- linux/swab.h -> asm/byteorder.h
- linux/limits.h -> linux/kernel.h
- linux/module.h -> linux/compat.h
- remove assert() from debug.h so it doesn't conflict with u-boot's
assert()
- strip out the compressor code as was done in the previous u-boot zstd
- update existing zstd users to the new Linux zstd API
- change the #define for MEM_STATIC to use INLINE_KEYWORD for codesize
- add a new KConfig option that sets zstd build options to minify code
based on zstd's ZSTD_LIB_MINIFY[2].
These changes were tested by booting a zstd 1.5.2 compressed kernel inside a
FIT. And the squashfs changes by loading a file from zstd compressed squashfs
with sqfsload. buildman was used to compile test other boards and check for
binary bloat, as follows:
> $ buildman -b zstd2 --boards dh_imx6,m53menlo,mvebu_espressobin-88f3720,sandbox,sandbox64,stm32mp15_dhcom_basic,stm32mp15_dhcor_basic,turris_mox,turris_omnia -sS
> Summary of 6 commits for 9 boards (8 threads, 1 job per thread)
> 01: Merge branch '2023-01-10-platform-updates'
> arm: w+ m53menlo dh_imx6
> 02: lib: zstd: update to latest Linux zstd 1.5.2
> aarch64: (for 2/2 boards) all -3186.0 rodata +920.0 text -4106.0
> arm: (for 5/5 boards) all +1254.4 rodata +940.0 text +314.4
> sandbox: (for 2/2 boards) all -4452.0 data -16.0 rodata +640.0 text -5076.0
Signed-off-by: Brandon Maier <brandon.maier@collins.com>
[trini: Set ret to -EINVAL for the error of "failed to detect
compressed" to fix warning, drop ZSTD_SRCSIZEHINT_MAX for non-Linux host
tool builds] Signed-off-by: Tom Rini <trini@konsulko.com>
Maxim Cournoyer [Fri, 13 Jan 2023 13:50:49 +0000 (08:50 -0500)]
Revert "patman: invoke the checkpatch.pl script with '--u-boot' and '--strict'"
This reverts commit 648d8186dd7f9c444fb07f355090d275dcdd4de4, because
it broke usage of patman on Linux, whose check script doesn't know
about '--strict' or '--u-boot'.
Simon Glass [Wed, 11 Jan 2023 23:10:19 +0000 (16:10 -0700)]
binman: Support positioning an entry by and ELF symbol
In some cases it is useful to position an entry over the top of a symbol
in an ELF file. For example, if the symbol holds a version string then it
allows the string to be accessed from the fdtmap.
Add support for this.
Suggested-by: Pali Rohár <pali@kernel.org> Suggested-by: Keith Short <keithshort@chromium.org> Signed-off-by: Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org>
Simon Glass [Wed, 11 Jan 2023 23:10:17 +0000 (16:10 -0700)]
binman: Provide general support for updating ELF symbols
The current support for updating variables in a binary is hard-coded to
work with U-Boot:
- It assumes the image starts at __image_copy_start
- It uses the existing U-Boot-specific entry types
It is useful for other projects to use these feature.
Add properties to enable writing symbols for any blob, a way of specifying
the base symbol and a way of providing the ELF filename to allow symbol
lookup to take place.
With this it is possible to update a Zephyr image, such as zephyr.bin
after it has been built.
Simon Glass [Wed, 11 Jan 2023 23:10:16 +0000 (16:10 -0700)]
binman: Support overlapping entries
In some cases it is useful to have an entry overlap with another in a
section, either to update the contents within a blob, or to add an entry
to the fdtmap that covers only part of the blob.
Simon Glass [Wed, 11 Jan 2023 23:10:14 +0000 (16:10 -0700)]
binman: Add a null entry
It is sometimes useful to define an entry which does not have its own
contents but does appear in the image. The contents are set by the section
which contains it, even though it appears as an entry in the fdtmap.
Simon Glass [Sat, 7 Jan 2023 21:07:18 +0000 (14:07 -0700)]
rockchip: Support building the all output files in binman
Add the required binman images to replace the Makefile rules which are
currently used. This includes subsuming:
- tpl/u-boot-tpl-rockchip.bin if TPL is enabled
- idbloader.img if either or both of SPL and TPL are enabled
- u-boot.itb if SPL_FIT is enabled
- u-boot-rockchip.bin if SPL is used, either using u-boot.itb when
SPL_FIT is enabled or u-boot.img when it isn't
Note that the intermediate files are dropped with binman, since it
producing everything in one pass. This means that
tpl/u-boot-tpl-rockchip.bin is not created, for example.
Note that for some 32-bit rk3288 boards, rockchip-optee.dtsi is included.
Simon Glass [Sat, 7 Jan 2023 21:07:15 +0000 (14:07 -0700)]
binman: Support optional external blobs
Some blobs are actually not necessary for the board to work correctly. Add
a property to allow this to be indicated. Missing optional blobs do not
cause a build failure.
Simon Glass [Sat, 7 Jan 2023 21:07:14 +0000 (14:07 -0700)]
binman: Support new op-tee binary format
OP-TEE has a format with a binary header that can be used instead of the
ELF file. With newer versions of OP-TEE this may be required on some
platforms.
Add support for this in binman. First, add a method to obtain the ELF
sections from an entry, then use that in the FIT support. We then end up
with the ability to support both types of OP-TEE files, depending on which
one is passed in with the entry argument (TEE=xxx in the U-Boot build).
Simon Glass [Sat, 7 Jan 2023 21:07:08 +0000 (14:07 -0700)]
binman: Allow writing section contents to a file
At present only the image (which is a section) has a filename. Move this
implementation to the entry_Section class so that any section can have a
filename. With this, the section data is written to a file.
This allows parts of an image to be written, along with the entire image.
Make a note that this can be used to include the contents of a section in
one image in another (later) image.
Simon Glass [Wed, 21 Dec 2022 14:27:39 +0000 (07:27 -0700)]
dm: pinctrl: Revert "pinctrl: probe pinctrl drivers during post-bind"
This breaks chromebook_coral and it is also not how things should work. If
a board needs to bind GPIOs as part of a pinctrl driver this can be done
during the bind step, if needed.
We cannot probe pinctrl devices when binding as a rule, since it cannot be
supported on some platforms.
The bind and probe steps are separate in U-Boot and they should remain
separate.
Simon Glass [Sat, 7 Jan 2023 21:57:30 +0000 (14:57 -0700)]
rockchip: Enable bootstage on rockpro64
This board is useful for benchmarking overall U-Boot performance. Enable
the bootstage feature so we get a report.
Since this returns to the boot rom before finishing executing
board_init_r() in SPL, add a few bootstage calls so that we can collect
timing from TPL.
For the stash region, use a portion of SRAM, 64KB below the stack top.
This allows the TPL image to be up to nearly 120KB (it is typically about
64KB). SPL normally runs from SDRAM at 0, so can use the same stash
region.
Simon Glass [Wed, 21 Dec 2022 23:08:23 +0000 (16:08 -0700)]
mkimage: Add a few more messages for FIT failures
Add messages to make it clearer which part of the FIT creation is failing.
This can happen when an invalid 'algo' property is provided in the .its
file.
Simon Glass [Wed, 21 Dec 2022 23:08:21 +0000 (16:08 -0700)]
fdt: Check for overlapping data and FDT
If the FDT overlaps with the data region of the image, or with the stack,
it can become corrupted before relocation. Add a check for this, behind a
debug flag, as it can be very confusing and time-consuming to debug.
Current default size of 0x100000 is not capable of getting the FIT
buffer during boot when transitioning to using binman generated boot
images for certain K3 devices, so increase it to 0x400000. Since A72 SPL
is coming after relocation to DDR this should not be an issue for any K3
device, so make it default for all.
Signed-off-by: Neha Malcom Francis <n-francis@ti.com> Acked-by: Andrew Davis <afd@ti.com>
test/py: gpt: add test for the gpt partition type GUID identifier
Add sandbox test for the gpt partition type command, the test uses the
persistent data test_gpt_disk_image.bin to check that the first
partition type GUID that identifies the type of the partition has the
"Linux filesystem data" type ( 0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4 ).
Signed-off-by: Enric Balletbo i Serra <eballetbo@redhat.com>
part type mmc 0:1
-> print partition type UUID
part type mmc 0:1 uuid
-> set environment variable to partition type UUID
"part type" can be useful when writing a bootcmd which searches for a
specific partition type to enable automatic discovery of partitions and
their intended usage or mount point.
Signed-off-by: Enric Balletbo i Serra <eballetbo@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org>
[trini: Fix when CONFIG_PARTITION_TYPE_GUID is disabled and have the
command check for "types" before "type"] Signed-off-by: Tom Rini <trini@konsulko.com>
Tom Rini [Mon, 16 Jan 2023 20:46:49 +0000 (15:46 -0500)]
event: Correct dependencies on the EVENT framework
The event framework is just that, a framework. Enabling it by itself
does nothing, so we shouldn't ask the user about it. Reword (and correct
typos) around this the option and help text. This also applies to
DM_EVENT and EVENT_DYNAMIC. Only EVENT_DEBUG and CMD_EVENT should be
visible to the user to select, when EVENT is selected.
With this, it's time to address the larger problems. When functionality
uses events, typically via EVENT_SPY, the appropriate framework then
must be select'd and NOT imply'd. As the functionality will cease to
work (and so, platforms will fail to boot) this is non-optional and
where select is appropriate. Audit the current users of EVENT_SPY to
have a more fine-grained approach to select'ing the framework where
used. Also ensure the current users of event_register and also select
EVENT_DYNAMIC.
Cc: AKASHI Takahiro <takahiro.akashi@linaro.org> Cc: Heinrich Schuchardt <xypron.glpk@gmx.de> Reported-by: Oliver Graute <Oliver.Graute@kococonnector.com> Reported-by: Francesco Dolcini <francesco.dolcini@toradex.com> Fixes: 7fe32b3442f0 ("event: Convert arch_cpu_init_dm() to use events") Fixes: 42fdcebf859f ("event: Convert misc_init_f() to use events") Fixes: c5ef2025579e ("dm: fix DM_EVENT dependencies") Signed-off-by: Tom Rini <trini@konsulko.com> Tested-by: Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org> Reviewed-by: Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org> Reviewed-by: Fabio Estevam <festevam@denx.de>
Tom Rini [Sat, 14 Jan 2023 20:49:35 +0000 (15:49 -0500)]
x86: Fix saying arch_cpu_init_dm in debug/docs
The function arch_cpu_init_dm was renamed to fsp_setup_pinctrl in these
cases, so rename debug / docs to match.
Cc: Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org> Fixes: 7fe32b3442f0 ("event: Convert arch_cpu_init_dm() to use events") Signed-off-by: Tom Rini <trini@konsulko.com> Reviewed-by: Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org>
Michal Simek [Tue, 17 Jan 2023 10:44:45 +0000 (11:44 +0100)]
cmd: event: Remove additional event description
The first name is taken from command name that's why shouldn't be listed in
help. The similar change was also done by commit a84d3b6c5634 ("cmd: pwm:
Remove additional pwm description").
Also remove additional spaces in help message.
Before:
event event list - list event spies
After:
event list - list event spies
Signed-off-by: Michal Simek <michal.simek@amd.com> Reviewed-by: Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org>
Tom Rini [Tue, 17 Jan 2023 13:55:40 +0000 (08:55 -0500)]
Merge branch '2022-01-16-bootstd-updates'
To quote the author:
So far standard boot lacks a boot menu, although it is possible to create
a rudimentary one using the existing 'bootmenu' command.
Even then, this text-based menu offer only basic functionality and does
not take full advantage of the displays which are common on many devices.
This series provides a 'bootflow menu' command which allows the user to
select from the available bootflows. An attempt is made to show the name
of the available operating systems, by reading more information into the
bootflow. A logo can be read also, where supported, so that this can be
presented to the user when an option is highlighted.
Full use is made of TrueType fonts, if enabled. For cases where only a
serial console is available, it falls back to a simple text-based menu.
All of this is implementing using a new 'expo' construct, a collection of
scenes (like menu screens) which can be navigated by the user to view
information and select options. This is fairly general and should be able
to cope with a wider array of use cases, with less hacking of the menu
code, such as is currently needed for CMD_BOOTEFI_BOOTMGR.
Of course it would be possible to enhance the existing menu rather than
creating a new setup. Instead it seems better to make the existing menu
use expo, if code space permits. It avoids the event-loop problem and
should be more extensible, given its loosely coupled components and use of
IDs instead of pointers. Further motivation is provided in the
documentation.
For now the CLI keypress-decoding code is split out to be used by the new
menu. The key codes defined by menu.h are reused also.
This is of course just a starting point. Some ideas for future work are
included in the documentation.
Tony Dinh [Fri, 30 Dec 2022 05:45:57 +0000 (21:45 -0800)]
arm: kirkwood: Convert to DM Serial for various Kirkwood boards
For Kirkwood boards, it is necessary to have early malloc in DRAM area
when Driver Model for Serial is enabled. Please see Michael's patch here:
https://lore.kernel.org/u-boot/20220817193809.1059688-20-michael@walle.cc/
This patch enables the early malloc in DRAM for all Kirkwood boards.
Note that this will work for boards that have either non-DM serial
and DM_SERIAL. Also, add the CONFIG_KIRKWOOD_COMMON option to enable
DM_SERIAL as a common option for boards that have been tested.
Stefan Roese [Mon, 16 Jan 2023 08:01:48 +0000 (09:01 +0100)]
timer: orion-timer: Fix problem in early_init_done()
It was noticed that Clearfog is currently broken with this newly
introduced early_init_done() function. Apparently the timer is enabled
here when U-Boot is run but not configured - at least not correctly.
Resulting in a hangup in the timer reading functions.
To fix this, also read the value of the reload register and check it's
value with the one written to by U-Boot. Only if this matches, the
init has already been done.
Fixes: 5387b093cb79 ("timer: orion-timer: Fix problem with early static variable") Signed-off-by: Stefan Roese <sr@denx.de> Acked-by: Pali Rohár <pali@kernel.org> Cc: Martin Rowe <martin.p.rowe@gmail.com> Cc: Tony Dinh <mibodhi@gmail.com> Cc: Pali Rohár <pali@kernel.org> Cc: Michael Walle <michael@walle.cc>
Tom Rini [Tue, 17 Jan 2023 01:58:37 +0000 (20:58 -0500)]
Merge tag 'u-boot-rockchip-20230117' of https://source.denx.de/u-boot/custodians/u-boot-rockchip
- Add support for rv1126 soc and rv1126 neu2 io board;
- Add support for rk3399 pine64 pinephone pro board;
- dts sync from linux for rk3399 and px30;
- Add support for PX30 Ringneck SoM board;
Simon Glass [Fri, 6 Jan 2023 14:52:36 +0000 (08:52 -0600)]
expo: Add basic implementation
An expo is a way of presenting and collecting information from the
user. It consists of a collection of 'scenes' of which only one is
presented at a time. An expo is typically used to show a boot menu
and allow settings to be changed.
One created, the same expo can be automatically presented in graphical
form using a vidconsole, or in text form on a serial console.
Add an initial implementation of the expo itself. Supports for scenes
and objects is provided later.